阳新网湖湿地保护区迎来首批4万“客人”
yangxin network lake wetland reserve: home to 40,000 wild "guests"
成群的灰雁在觅食 flocks of gray lag geese foraging
琵琶鹭在水边栖息 spoonbills roost near the water
成群的候鸟在滩涂边栖息 flocks of migratory birds roost in the shallows
小天鹅和灰雁水中觅食 flocks of gray lag geese and cygnets foraging in the water
候鸟在水边栖息 migratory birds perch near the shallows
候鸟结队在滩涂边栖息 flocks of migratory birds roost in the shallows
网湖湿地保护区 network lake wetland reserve
楚天都市报极目新闻记者 梁传松
通讯员 向能来 易相志
reporter: liang chuansong, jimu news
correspondents: xiang nengli, yi xiangzhi
翻译：何梦圆 陶然 卫拉 （湖北大学）
translators: he mengyuan, tao ran, lisa m.k (hubei university)
11月14日，距离武汉100多公里外的阳新网湖湿地已是一片欢腾。当清晨第一缕阳光洒落在微波粼粼的湖面，平静的网湖慢慢变得热闹了起来，清脆的鸟鸣划破天际……这些跨越4000多公里，从遥远的西伯利亚飞到黄石的网湖湿地“客人”共有4万余只，受到鄱阳湖干旱的影响，今年，阳新网湖湿地将会有比往年更多的候鸟来这里越冬和繁殖。
on november 14, more than 100 kilometers away from wuhan, yangxin network lake is bathed in the morning rays of the sun. as the melodious chirping of the birds break the silence, the calm lake slowly becomes a scene of joy . over 40,000 “guests” traveled more than 4000 kilometers from siberia all the way to huangshi city. affected by the drought of poyang lake, this year, there will be more migratory birds in yangxin network lake wetland than previous years coming here to overwinter and breed.
一群为鸟儿奔波的人
people busy "hosting" birds
这里碧水蓝天，古木参天，环境优美，这里还是得天独厚的天然氧吧，到过的人都赞叹不已，这里就是湖北网湖湿地，它位于黄石市阳新县中东部，是全球鸟类东亚——澳大利亚迁徙路线的重要驿站之一。湖北网湖国际重要湿地，位于长江中下游南岸，由网湖、猪婆湖、夹节湖、吴家晒湖、下羊湖、杨赛湖、大坡湖、戎湖、犀湖、赛桥湖等浅水型湖泊、富河等永久性河流和泛水沼泽湿地及其湖岸山地组成，总面积20495公顷，其中湿地面积12986.36公顷。2018年1月8日被《国际湿地公约》秘书处列入《国际重要湿地名录》。
people who have visited hubei network lake wetland are filled with awe for its blue water, sky-high ancient trees and beautiful scenery, which is also a unique natural oxygen bar. located in the east-central part of yangxin county, huangshi city, the lake is one of the important transit points along the global bird migration route from east asia to australia. the hubei network lake wetland of international importance, located on the south bank of the middle and lower reaches of the yangtze river, consists of shallow lakes such as network lake, zhupo lake, jiajie lake, wujiashai lake, xiayang lake, yangsai lake, dapo lake, rong lake, rhinoceros lake, saiqiao lake, permanent rivers such as fuhe river and flooded swamp wetlands and their lake shore mountains, covering a total area of 20,495 hectares, of which 12,986.36 hectares are wetlands. on january 8, 2018, it was listed as wetlands of international importance by the secretariat of the international convention.
53岁的刘海林是黄石市网湖湿地自然保护区管理局五爪嘴保护站副站长，在管理局刚成立时，他便是这里第一批员工。“每天都有巡护员在保护区巡查和监测。”刘海林介绍，他们管理局设有一个自然保护总站，下设有3个分站和2个保护点，共有50名巡护员。
53-year-old liu hailin, one of the first employees when the reserve was established, is the deputy director of the wuzhaozui protection station of the huangshi city network lake wetland nature reserve administration. “there are rangers who inspect and monitor the reserve every day.” liu said, adding that there is a nature conservation station with three sub-stations and two protection sites, with a total of 50 rangers.
五爪嘴分站的巡护员几乎每天干的工作便是：从龙门村水域出发，途经网湖码头、桥东湖、王港湖、富河南岸、下湾、救命渡等10多个点、10万余亩水域进行巡查，遇到鸟儿受伤，他们必须第一时间带回救助。早晨吃过早餐出发，一趟巡查下来，返回五爪嘴保护站时，已是下午5点多钟了。
the rangers daily routine at wuzhuazui sub-station begins with them leaving for their patrol tour right after breakfast. starting from the waters of longmen village to more than 10 points covering over 100,000 mu of water, including network lake wharf, qiaodong lake, wanggang lake, the south bank of the fuhe river, xiawan, and jiumingdu. if a bird is injured, they bring it back for rescue right away. it is usually past five o’clock in the afternoon when the rangers return from their round of inspection.
“中午吃饭，都是自己带着干粮解决。”刘海林笑着告诉极目新闻记者，队员们都是骑着摩托车沿着保护区巡查，因为很多地方不通车，如果是步行，两天都走不下来。
“for lunch, we usually bring our own food.” since cars are prohibited in most of the wetland areas, the team patrols the area on motorcycles, which would take two days if on foot, liu told reporters with a smile.
在刘海林的印象中，经常都会遇到有鸟儿受伤的情况，原来多数是一些盗猎者所为，但随着群众保护意识地提高，现在受伤的鸟儿几乎都是大型猛禽所致，如食肉的隼类等攻击受伤。
liu often encounters injured birds on his patrol, most of whose injuries used to be inflicted by poachers, but with a greater awareness of conservation, injured birds are now mostly a result of attacks from large birds of prey, such as carnivorous falcons.
“现在村民都有保护意识，原来发现有盗猎的人，都会上前制止或是报警，这几年也没人敢来网湖盗猎了。”阳新陶港镇龙门村村民沈贤浪介绍，他们村就在网湖旁边，原来“靠湖吃湖”很多村民以捕鱼为生，成立了自然保护区后，村民上岸自觉变成了“护鸟人”。
“the villagers are now more aware of the importance of protecting the birds. when they see poachers, they stop them or call the police. thats why no one dares to come to the lake to poach in recent years.” shen xianlang, a villager in longmen village, yangxin taogang town, said that many villagers used to make a living by fishing since their village is right next to the lake. however, after the natural reserve was established, the villagers stopped fishing and became "guardians of birds" instead.
一个成立21年的机构
a 21-year-old institution
人类逐水而居，文明伴水而生，人类生产生活同湿地有着密切联系。湿地与森林、海洋并称为全球三大生态系统，共同维护着地球的平衡，被誉为“地球之肾”和“生命的摇篮”。
humans live by water, and civilization develops with water. human life is closely related to wetlands. renowned as the "kidney of the earth" and the "cradle of life", wetlands, forests and oceans are the three major global ecosystems that jointly maintain the balance of the earth.
“在外人眼中，我们的工作很神秘。”黄石市网湖湿地自然保护区管理局副局长郑和松介绍，网湖湿地位于鄱阳湖和洞庭湖两大淡水湖之间，是长江中游湿地群的重要组成。1949年前，这里直通长江，丰水期时，溢满阳新富河中下游，绵延400多平方公里；退水后，湖泊星罗棋布，河港纵横交错，似棋如网，故名网湖。20世纪六七十年代，“兴水利、治水患”运动，勤劳的阳新人用肩挑背驮，将网湖建成了“鱼米之仓”。目前的网湖具有地形地貌独特、生态系统典型、生境复杂多样、生物多样性丰富、文化底蕴深厚等显著特点，为东亚至澳大利亚迁徙的候鸟提供了理想的停歇地、越冬和繁殖地，为南北过渡生物提供了适宜的栖息和繁衍场所。
“people outside the industry consider our work mysterious.” says zheng hesong, the deputy director of huangshi city network lake wetland nature reserve administration. located between poyang lake and dongting lake, the network lake wetland plays an important role in the wetland cluster in the middle reaches of the yangtze river. before 1949, it was directly connected to the yangtze river. during the rainy season, it would overflow the middle and lower reaches of the yangxinfu river, stretching over 400 square kilometers. after the water level retreated, the lakes were scattered, and the rivers and ports were crisscrossed like a net, hence named network lake. in the 1960s and 1970s, the industrious yangxin locals turned the lake into a granary with their bare hands during the campaign on "revitalizing water conservancy and addressing water-related problems". today, the network lake is a place with a unique topography, typical ecosystem, rich biodiversity and profound cultural heritage. it not only provides an ideal resting, wintering and breeding ground for the migratory birds migrating from east asia to australia, but is also a suitable habitat and breeding place for the transitional wildlife moving from north to south.
“白鹭轻飞芦叶秀，雁鸥翔集蓼花红。”是网湖湿地的美丽写照，却一直“藏在深闺人未识”。2001年，成立了网湖自然保护区，特别是2006年省级自然保护区的建立，在给湿地和生物带来福荫的同时，也使人们对网湖有了全新的认识。
the wetlands are a beautiful place where one can observe egrets skimming over the lovely reeds with grace while geese throng and flowers bloom, and yet it remains unknown to most people. in 2001, network lake nature reserve was established. later, the building of the provincial nature reserve in 2006 further brought benefits to the wetlands and wildlife while also offering people a new perspective of the beauty and importance of the lake.
极目新闻记者在五爪嘴保护站看到，这里建起了一个科普展示厅和一个救助站。科普展示厅内，一些已死亡的小天鹅、琵琶鹭等制作成标本，供前往观鸟的客人近距离观赏。在救助站内，隔着栏网便看到有几只大鹅“嘎嘎”叫唤着，并热情地冲着极目新闻记者一行围了上来。“红嘴巴的是灰雁，黑嘴巴的是家鹅。”网湖湿地自然保护区管理局保护站副站长石凯介绍，喂养大鹅是用来护院的。两只灰雁因在救助过程中太贪吃，导致体重急增，失去了飞行能力。
the jimu news reporter was shown to a science showroom and an animal shelter at the wuzhuazui protection station. in the science showroom, dead little swans and spoonbills were made into specimens to give visitors a close-up of the birds. in the animal shelter, a couple of geese were heard quacking inside the fences. and thereupon they came up to and encircled the reporters with zeal. “the gray goose has a reddish bill while the domestic goose has a black one,” says shi kai, the deputy director of the protection station of network lake nature reserve administration. he added that the domestic ones were kept to guard the house, however two of these geese became too heavy to fly because they ate too much and gained weight after they were rescued.
与灰雁不同的是，在保护站内，还有两只灰色的鸟儿却显得十分高冷。石凯告诉极目新闻记者，这两只灰鸟叫“蓑羽鹤”，是国家一级保护动物。待养好伤后，保护站将择日放归大自然。
unlike the gray geese, two other gray birds also at the same protection station seemed slightly aloof. shi kai said that the two birds are under first-class national protection, known as "demoiselle cranes", and they will return to nature when they recover from their injuries.
“今年救助了几只小天鹅，不久前刚放飞。”石凯告诉记者，上个月，首批候鸟飞抵网湖后，他们便将救助的几只小天鹅放归大自然。放飞前，该救助站在这几只小天鹅的脚上装上了卫星跟踪发射器，通过后台监控显示，目前这几只获救的小天鹅仍在阳新活动。极目新闻记者从石凯手机中看到，其中编号为hqp2555的小天鹅在11月7日下午正在阳新城区附近的独山湖觅食。
“we have saved several young swans this year and released them the other day.” shi kai told the reporter. last month, they had just released several saved swans to nature when the first group of migratory birds arrived at network lake. satellite transmitters were attached to the feet of these swans prior to the release and data indicated that these rescued little swans were still in yangxin county at the moment. the jimu news reporter learned from shi kais cellphone that the swans, numbered hqp2555, were seeking food at dushan lake around the city of yangxin county in the afternoon of november 7.
“我们还有一项工作，是对候鸟进行安全监测和类别监测。”网湖湿地自然保护管理局自然保护站站长杨洪林介绍，安全监测需要进行粪便采集和肛咽拭子，每年需要提供3300份样品供上级部门进行化验，检测这些候鸟是否携带有病毒。类别监测则是对种群和数量进行监测。
“we also need to monitor migratory birds in terms of their safety and variety.” says yang honglin, the director of nature protection station of network lake wetlands nature protection administration. safety monitoring entails excrement collection and anal and throat swabs. a total of 3300 specimens are required to be submitted to their competent authorities for tests to see if the migratory birds carry any viruses. and another form of monitoring is to monitor the species and population of birds.
一份来自大自然的考验
a test from nature
“到10月31日止，目前到网湖湿地的候鸟有30多个品种、4万多只。”郑和松说，每年12月份，是候鸟最多的时节。2019年，网湖湿地保护区有6万余只候鸟在此停歇、越冬和繁殖，2020年共有8万多只候鸟来到阳新网湖，但今年由于受到干旱的影响，鄱阳湖水位缩减，导致到了10月份，便有了4万余只候鸟提前来到了阳新网湖，比去年同期多出1万余只。
“by october 31, there were more than 30 species and 40,000 migratory birds visiting the network lake wetlands.” zheng hesong said. he also added that december is the month witnessing the most migratory birds. in 2019, around 60,000 migratory birds rested, wintered and bred here, and over 80,000 in 2020. but this year, due to the drought that triggered a drop in the water level of poyang lake, as of october, over 40,000 migratory birds flew to the lake ahead of time, 10,000 more than last year.
“阳新的网湖资源丰富，这些候鸟便来到了网湖觅食。”郑和松说，如何保证这些候鸟在阳新网湖湿地安全越冬和繁衍，成了网湖湿地保护区工作人员的头等大事。
“the lake has become an ideal place for migratory birds to forage for food.” zheng hesong said. hence, priority has been given to ensuring the birds safe wintering and breeding.
“今年虽然压力很大，我们管理局已提前做好了部署。”郑和松告诉极目新闻记者，到目前，他们监测到38个种类的候鸟来网湖湿地保护区“做客”，种群数量最大的还是绿翅鸭和罗纹鸭。今年首次发现有白枕鹤在网湖湿地保护区活动。郑和松介绍，白枕鹤早在2012年被《世界自然保护联盟》（iucn）列入了濒危物种红色名录，在我国也是国家二级保护动物。通过观测，他们发现有一群10只白枕鹤来网湖湿地保护区觅食。
“despite the massive pressure we experienced this year, we have developed a response plan.” zheng hesong told the reporter. they have so far seen 38 species of migratory birds paying a visit to the reserve with sarcelles and falcated ducks accounting for the largest portion. besides, this year is the first time to find white-naped cranes in the network lake wetland reserve. he added that the white-naped cranes had been included in the iucn red list of threatened species earlier in 2012 and they are also second-class protected animals in china. through observation, they found there were ten white-naped cranes coming here to forage.
由于受到干旱的影响，今年到网湖湿地保护区越过的候鸟将会超过往年，而阳新目前有两处重点工程正在动工，一处是富河的航道工程建设，另一处则正是网湖电排站在维修。由于施工无法排水，导致今年网湖的水位居高不下，滩涂减少。
the number of migratory birds in network lake wetland reserve this year are forecast to be above that of past years due to the drought. two key constructions in yangxin county, however, are currently underway, one is the construction of fuhe river channels and the other is the maintenance of network lake pumping station. the construction has impeded the drainage, thus leading to a higher water level in network lake and a decline in tidal flats.
“候鸟觅食一般都在滩涂，同时它们也需要在滩涂上休息。”郑和松说，目前该管理局正在做方案，计划通过引流，降低水位，在候鸟高峰期来临前，留出滩涂让候鸟来网湖湿地保护区越冬和繁衍。
“generally speaking, the migratory birds seek food and rest on the tidal flat.” zheng hesong said. at this point, the administration is working on plans to divert water as a way of lowering the water level so that there are adequate tidal flats for migratory birds to winter and breed before an overwhelming number of migratory birds arrive here.
鄱阳湖湿地因干旱缩减，给网湖带来了不少的压力。但黄石市网湖湿地自然保护区管理局事先做足了功课，提前进行了“留食、留地和留钱”。
the network lake is under more pressure due to the dwindling area of poyang lake wetland caused by droughts. fortunately, the administration has prepared enough food, land and funds to cater to this problem.
“今年给周边村庄的农户补偿款有600多万元，并留出了100多亩的稻田没有收割，给候鸟留下了越冬的粮食。”郑和松说，通过宣传，他们对网湖湿地保护区周边的村庄多次上门与领取了补贴的农户沟通，强调不要将粮食收割干净，同时让一些养殖户，在捕鱼时，留下小鱼，让这些来网湖湿地越冬的候鸟有口粮。
“this year we have requested over six million yuan in subsidy for surrounding farmers, and more than 6.7 hectares of paddy have been left unharvested as food for the migratory birds.” zheng hesong said. they have communicated with subsidized farmers in the villages several times via door-to-door visits, stressing that they should leave some of their paddies unharvested. meanwhile, they asked for some farmers to leave behind small fish when fishing, so that the migratory birds have enough food to see the winter out.
一颗颗爱鸟护鸟的心
passion for bird protection
“过多干预会影响这些动物的习性，原来从来没有考虑给这些鸟儿留粮食。”郑和松告诉极目新闻记者，随着人类活动改变了地球的景观，动物迁徙的模式正悄然发生着变化，这些变化可能会对公共卫生和健康以及迁徙物种本身造成潜在影响。
zheng told the reporters that prior they had never considered providing food to the birds because excessive interference would change their natural habits. as human activities have changed the terrestrial condition, animal migration modes are also changing slowly which may have a potential impact on the overall health of humans and also on the migratory species themselves.
许多动物迁徙是为了避免冬季严酷的环境条件，或随季节变化而改变食物资源的可利用性。但是迁徙可能带来另一个重要的好处，这种行为帮助动物逃离病原生物（如寄生虫、细菌、病毒等）聚集的栖息地，并自然淘汰掉无法存活的感染个体。因此，迁徙可以帮助动物调节种群中的感染个体。
the main reason behind many animal migrations, is to avoid harsh environments in winter or to seek more food with seasonal variation. besides, migration can help animals escape from pathogens that gather in their habitats (such as parasites, germs, viruses, etc.) and eliminate infected animals in the population naturally.
“当人类提供的食物资源允许一些动物放弃迁徙的习性并形成本地留居群体时，后果可能是严重的。”郑和松介绍，一方面，当迁徙的鸟类返回时，本地的留鸟可能已经占用了繁衍的空间和资源，使迁徙的种类处于竞争劣势。另一方面，迁徙的种类更容易暴露于由留鸟携带的病原生物的感染风险中。所以，他们更尊重的是自然规律，但今年由于情况特殊，如果不进行人工干预，大量的候鸟来到阳新，可能面临着缺少食物的危机。一旦食物匮乏，这些候鸟可能会飞出保护区觅食，可能会受到意外的伤害。
“it may thus lead to serious consequences if animals were to give up their habit of migration and form a local animal group here because food is already provided by humans.” this is because, according to zheng hesong, on the one hand, the returned migrant birds are put at a competitive disadvantage as the breeding spaces and resources have already been taken up by resident birds; on the other hand, migrant birds are more likely to be infected by the pathogenic organism carried by resident birds. therefore, they believe it is more important to respect the law of nature. however, due to the special circumstance this year, human intervention is required to mitigate the crisis of food shortage for the mass migration of birds. without enough food, migrant birds may forage out of the reserve and suffer unexpected harm.
“原来一般没有给候鸟购买食物，今年必须要考虑到食物短缺的因素，就得留钱购买鸟儿的食物，人工给予适当补充，确保安全过冬。”郑和松说，小天鹅、绿翅鸭和罗纹鸭都是杂食性鸟类，玉米、稻谷和鱼虾它们都吃，一只小天鹅一天的食量大约在1.5公斤左右，10多万只候鸟，一天的食量惊人，一旦发生食物链短缺，势必打破物种的平衡。
zheng said, “in the past, we didnt allocate funds to prepare food for migratory birds, but this year we must take the food shortage into consideration, so as to appropriate enough funds for supplying food. this way, the birds can successfully get through winter.” polyphagous birds such as cygnus columbianus, anas crecca, and anas falcata feed on corn, paddy, fish and shrimp. one cygnus columbianus eats about 1.5 kilograms of food per day, and there are more than 100,000 migratory birds, which consume a stunning amount of food a day. once there is a shortage in the food chain, it is bound to break the balance of species.
极目新闻记者了解到，一直以来，受投肥投饵水产养殖、周边生产生活废水污染影响，网湖湿地湖泊、池塘富营养化严重。自2017年起，针对网湖及周边13个主要湖泊和核心区、缓冲区624口鱼塘，全面终止或解除了承包养殖合同、停止投肥投饵养殖，5个核心区湖泊实行生态休养，其它湖塘实行人放天养或生态养殖。同时，通过建立河湖长制、巡护制度和联合执法制度，实施低水位促草、以鱼净水、生态调水、水系连通、生产设施拆除、湖区清理等措施巩固禁肥休养成效。据统计，禁肥休养湖泊达7358.18公顷、鱼塘1334.93公顷，实验区2975.33公顷池塘实现生态养殖，拆除生产码头3个、看鱼房11个，网湖湖群水环境明显向好。
reporters were informed that the lakes and ponds in the area were gravely eutrophicated for a long time due to surrounding fertilizer and bait aquaculture as well as the improper discharging of production and domestic wastewater. since 2017, all of the contracted farming agreements were terminated and fertilizer and bait aquaculture were shut down in the area and its 13 surrounding major lakes and core areas and 624 fishponds in the buffer zone. ecological recuperation was carried out in 5 core lakes and ecological aquaculture was implemented in other lakes and ponds. at the same time, the achievements of no use of fertilizer and recovery have been consolidated, through establishing a series of systems such as the river and lake chief system, patrol system and joint law enforcement system, measures were effectively taken such as reducing water level to promote grass, purifying water with fish, diverting water ecologically, connecting drainage system, demolishing production facilities and cleaning the lake areas. statistics reveal that 7358.18 hectares of lake and 1334.93 hectares of fishponds are free from fertilizers and in their recovery period, 2975.33 hectares of ponds in the experimental area are cultivated ecologically, 3 production docks and 11 fish houses have been demolished. by doing so, the water environment of the network lake has since greatly improved.
自2016年以来，通过退耕还湿项目实施退垸还湖、退渔还湿修复500多公顷自然湖泊岸线，通过网湖水质降磷及水生态恢复、南湖和下司湖与菱角塘水环境综合治理、湿地生态效益补偿、湿地保护与修复等工程项目修复生态湿地5500公顷，通过采石厂矿区植被恢复、尾砂库治理等项目恢复自然植被58.27公顷。据统计，累计实施各类修复项目13个，其中5000万元以上项目2个，共投入资金2亿多元。
from 2016, by implementing the project of converting cultivated land into wetlands, we have been continuously converting embankment into lake, and fishing area into wetland, and rehabilitated more than 500 hectares of natural lake shoreline. 5500-hectare ecological wetland have been restored through projects such as phosphorus reduction and ecological remediation of network lake, comprehensive water condition regulation in the south lake and xiasi lake and lingjiaotang area, compensation of ecological benefits of wetlands, and protection and restoration of wetlands.and restoration of natural vegetation. 58.27 hectares of natural vegetation have been rehabilitated through projects such as vegetation restoration in quarry mining area and tailing sand reservoirs governance. according to statistics, a total of 13 restoration projects have been implemented, among which 2 projects saw input of more than 50 million yuan, with a total investment of over 200 million yuan.
“现在正是观鸟的季节。一入秋冬，网湖便成鸟的天堂。”郑和松说，一个更美的网湖指日可待。
“its time for a bird watching tour. the network lake is the paradise for birds once entering autumn and winter. a better network lake is just around the corner.” zheng said.